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These doctors are fully qualified, but they make up only a small percentage of the country's physicians. They may also branch off into specialties, hut general practice is much more common in their group than among M.D.'s. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//index5.html arava tablets In the industrialized world the growing cost of health services has caused both private and public health-care delivery systems to question current policies and to seek more economical methods of achieving their goals. De-spite expenditures, health services are not always used effectively by those who need them, and results can vary widely from community to community. In Britain, for example, between 1951 and 1971 the death rate fell by 24 percent in the wealthier sections of the population but by only half that in the most underprivileged sections of society. The achievement of good health is reliant upon more than just the quality of health care. Health entails such factors as good education, safe working conditions, a favourable environment, amenities in the home, well-inte¬grated social services, and reasonable standards of living. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//agricultural-arava-center-international-training.html agricultural arava center international training Support services for the elderly provided by private or state-subsidized sources include domestic help, delivery of meals, day-care centres, elderly residential homes or nursing homes, and hospital beds either in general medical wards or in specialized geriatric units. The degree of acces¬sibility" of these services is uneven from country to country and within countries. In the United States, for instance, although there are some federal programs, each state has its own elderly programs, which vary widely. However, as the elderly become an increasingly larger part of the pop¬ulation their voting rights are providing increased leverage for obtaining more federal and state benefits. The gen¬eral practitioner or family physician working with visiting health and social workers and in conjunction with the pa¬tient's family often form a working team for elderly care. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//mims-arava.html mims arava Throughout China the value of traditional medicine is stressed, especially in the rural areas. All medical schools are encouraged to teach traditional medicine as part of their curriculum, and efforts are made to link colleges of Chinese medicine with Western-type medical schools. Medical education is of shorter duration than it is in Europe, and there is greater emphasis on practical work. Students spend part of their time away from the med-ical school working in factories or in communes; they are encouraged to question what they are taught and to participate in the educational process at all stages. One well-known form of traditional medicine is acupuncture, which is used as a therapeutic and pain-relieving tech¬nique; requiring the insertion of brass-handled needles at various points on the body, acupuncture has become quite prominent as a form of anesthesia. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//index5.html arava tabletsIn most rural rayony the responsibility for public health lay with the chief physician, who was also medical director of the central rayon hospital. This system ensured unity of public health administration and implementation of the principle of planned development. Other health personnel included nurses, feldshers, and midwives. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//arava-20-mg.html arava 20 mg Primary health care is an integral part of a country's health maintenance system, of which it forms the largest and most important part. As described in the declaration of Alma-Ata, primary health care should be "based on prac¬tical scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of then development." Primary health care in the developed countries is usually the province of a medically qualified physician; in the developing countries first contact care is often provided by nonmedically qualified personnel.http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//index5.html arava tablets http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//arava-brand-vs-generic-brand.html arava brand vs generic brandNaval and air force medicine. Naval medical services are run on lines similar to those of the army. Junior medical officers are attached to ships or to shore stations and deal with most cases of sickness in their units. When at sea. medical officers have an exceptional degree of re¬sponsibility in that they work alone, unless they are on a very large ship. In peacetime, only the larger ships carry a medical officer; in wartime, destroyers and other small craft may also carry medical officers. Serious cases go to either a shore-based hospital or a hospital ship. Modern factories usually have arrangements for giving first aid in case of accidents. Depending upon the size of the plant, the facilities may range from a simple first-aid station to a large suite of lavishly equipped rooms and may include a staff of qualified nurses and physiothera¬pists and one or perhaps more full-time physicians. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//arava-2bside-2beffects.html arava 2bside 2beffects Physicians in Japan have tended to cluster in the urban areas. The Medical Service Law of 1963 was amended to empower the Ministry of Health and Welfare to control the planning and distribution of future public and non¬profit medical facilities, partly to redress the urban-rural imbalance. Meanwhile, mobile services were expanded. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//leor-arava.html leor aravaThe spectacular improvement in the expectation of life in the affluent countries has been due far more to public health measures than to curative medicine. These public health measures began operation largely in the 19lh cen-tury. At the beginning of that century, drainage and water supply systems were all more or less primitive; nearly all the cities of that time had poorer water and drainage systems than Rome had possessed 1,800 years previ-ously. Infected water supplies caused outbreaks of typhoid, cholera, and other waterborne infections. By the end of the century, at least in the larger cities, water supplies were usually safe. Food-home infections were also drasti¬cally reduced by the enforcement of laws concerned with the preparation, storage, and distribution of food. Insect-borne infections, such as malaria and yellow fever, which were common in tropical and semitropical climates, were eliminated by the destruction of the responsible insects. Fundamental to this improvement in health has been the diminution of poverty, for most public health measures are expensive. The peoples of the developing countries fall sick and sometimes die from infections that are virtually unknown in affluent countries. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//arava-medication.html arava medication In order to reduce bias and make the trial as objective as possible the double-blind technique is sometimes used. In this procedure, neither the doctor nor the patients know which of two treatments is being given. Despite such pre¬cautions the results of such trials can be prejudiced, so that rigorous statistical analysis is required. It is obvious that many ethical, not to say legal, considerations arise, and it is essential that all patients have given their informed consent to be included. Difficulties arise when patients are unconscious, mentally confused, or otherwise unable to give their informed consent. Children present a special difficulty because not all laws agree that parents can legally commit a child to an experimental procedure. Trials, and indeed all forms of clinical research that involve patients, must often be submitted to a committee set up locally to scrutinize each proposal. http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//index5.html arava tablets Public health practice. The physician working in the field of public health is mainly concerned with the envi-ronmental causes of ill health and in their prevention. Bad drainage, polluted water and atmosphere, noise and smells, infected food had housing, and poverty in general are all his special concern. Perhaps the most descriptive title he can he given is that of community physician. In Britain he has been customarily known as the medical officer of health and. in the United Slates, as the health officer.http://aravaonline.freehostia.com//index5.html arava tablets Former Soviet Union. In the aftermath of the dissolu¬tion of the Soviet Union, responsibility for public health fell to the governments of the successor countries.